Symbolism in The Hunger Games - 724 Words

When reading The Hunger Games, one might not read and think deeply enough about something like symbolism. Looking into it, however, the characters in this novel by Suzanne Collins seem to be named after historical figures, words that are descriptive of their characters, and even plants. Realizing this really makes reading the novel much more interesting, because now the reader has something or someone to compare each of the main or supporting characters to. The Hunger Games makes relates many of the characters to historical figures. Many of the male figures seem to be named after Roman politicians, philosophers, and poets. Take Cinna, for instance. Cinna, in the novel, is Katniss’ and Peeta’s stylists for the Games. He does their makeup and creates their outfits to wear for the opening ceremony, for the interview with Caesar Flickerman, and for in the arena. His artistic skills relate to that of Gaius Helvius Cinna, a Roman poet. He also resembles to Lucius Cornelius Ci nna, although more so later in the sequel, Catching Fire, because they are both defiant. Cinna, for turning the wedding dress President Snow wanted Katniss to dress in for her interview with Caesar Flickerman into a mockingjay, which turned into a symbol of rebellion, and Lucius Cornelius Cinna for staging a rebellion. What really ties it all together is that Cinna, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, and Gaius Helvius Cinna all met their demise by murder. Caesar Flickerman is also a prime example of relating to aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Lord Of The Flies And Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1208 Words   |  5 Pages The concept of civil culture is one often glorified within society, yet its power depends wholly on the ethical nature of those who uphold it. The novels, Lord of The Flies by William Golding and The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, demonstrate this prospect as through the narrative techniques of characterisation, plot, setting and style, they exemplify the moral decline of man under pressure to survive, ultimately resulting in savagery. Characterisation plays a major role in both textsRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Movie Hunger Games1291 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I will do a critical analysis of the movie â€Å"Hunger Games,† the short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† and Taylor Swift’s music video â€Å"Look What You Make Me Do† in terms of the use of symbolism, and the new self. The Hunger Games  follows 16-year-old  Katniss Everdeen, a girl from District 12 who volunteers for the 74th Hunger Games in place of her younger sister  Primrose Everdeen. The games itself is a competition to see who’s the strongest. The story of an Hour is a short story that describesRead MoreHunger Games Sociology Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesSuzanne Collins’ novel The Hunger Games and its big screen adaptation follow the journey of a teenage girl in the dystopian country of Panem. Katniss Everdeen must fight to survive in a game of death against other youth from the twe lve districts in Panem. However, The Hunger Games is not just a young adult genre obsession, but also a complex study of the social sciences. The symbolism and plot of The Hunger Games are prime examples of Sociology because they display different societal rules and normsRead MoreAnalysis of Literary Devices in Soldiers Home Essay951 Words   |  4 Pageshometown after his return from fighting in the war. The main character in the story is Kreb with the author making usage of repetition, characterization, and symbolism to bring out the message in the story. Analysis of literary devices in â€Å"Soldier’s Home† Hemingway contextualizes the story by giving it a concealed meaning by the use of symbolism. A symbolic element found in the story remains the book that talks about war, which Krebs is reading. At the same time, this happens to be the only thingRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins790 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book The Hunger Games( by Suzanne Collins ), what today we call the United States of America is now divided into twelve districts; or as it is more commonly known as to the readers of this series, Panem. As one discovers, Panem is ruled by affluent members of the Capitol. However, there was not always just twelve districts. There, upon a time, was thirteen; until a rebellion seethes up, and caused the Capitol to take immediate action to cease the schism of uprising citizens. The CapitolRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Anthem By Ayn Rand For Summer Reading My Freshman Year1360 Words   |  6 Pagesthat are crucial to the understanding of the literary work itself. Sy mbolism allows the writer to entice the reader to find a meaning, and it may even be open for interpretation. Pattern is often found when one distances themselves from the details of the story, to see what lies beneath the characters, drama, or plot. Memory is when the reader relates the work to another of sorts in their own respect. My appreciation of symbolism in a literary work was especially evident when I was assigned the bookRead MoreHunger Games Essay plan1197 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe Hunger Games’ CEL Task: To show how the director uses film techniques to convey various themes in ‘The Hunger Games’ Introduction: Using your notes write an introduction in which you: Mention the title, director, year of release, where it was set. Clarify what the genre is, explaining exactly what this means. Name and briefly describe the main protagonist in a single sentence. Provide a plot summary. Do not write openings such as ‘I am going to talk about†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Always write in theRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1237 Words   |  5 PagesImagine you and your family suddenly have to move from Salt Lake City UT all the way to†¦ Antarctica! Of course it isn t realistic for someone to live in Antarctica, but then again, The Hunger Games isn t that much different. Picture you are moving to Antarctica, away from people, friends, extended family, warmth, life, entertainment, happiness! You finally arrive to your isolated, barren planes of snow and ice for a home and realize, BAM! Where is religion in your life? Where will you go for churchRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Catching Fire 1544 Words   |  7 Pagesvictorious in the 74th annual â€Å"Hunger Games† in which her little sister, Primrose was initially chosen at â€Å"The Reaping†; as a result, she volunteered to take her spot as tribute. Her and Co-Victor, Peeta Mellark have to leave again for the victory tour to make appearances in each of the 12 districts to speak with the families of the fallen tributes and fellow citizens: however, before departing she is visited by President Snow. He explains to Katniss that during the last Hunger Games when she tried to commitRead MoreThe Movie The Outsiders By S. E. Hinton1571 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hunger Games, The Fault in Our Stars, or Divergent. Though these may be widespread in the hands of young adult readers today, they probably will not stand the test of time in the way that The Outsiders, written by S. E. Hinton in 1967, has. Although they are enjoyable(passive voice), they do not possess many realistic qualities. For example, society does not live in a world that watches children fight to the death as a main source of entertainment, like the world is described in The Hunger Games

fmily health - 1787 Words

Diversity among individuals, as well as cultures, provides a challenge for nurses when it comes to delivering meaningful health promotion and illness prevention-based education. How do teaching principles, varied learning styles (for both nurses and patients), and teaching methodologies impact the approach to education? How do health care providers overcome differing points of view regarding health promotion and disease prevention? Provide an example. 1) We live in a very diverse nation and overcoming challenges related to cultural beliefs and preferences is a very common obstacle for health care workers today. In an article in The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing cultural diversity is defined as being more than just race, Health†¦show more content†¦What is equally true is that there is also diversity within the cultural group; therefore nurses must develop health promotion and illness prevention-based education that is focused on the individual while taking into considering teaching and learning styles that are culturally relevant. Teaching and learning methodologies, principals, styles or approaches are perhaps the most challenging for nurses. Not only are nurses diverse in culture, sex, age, socioeconomic and religion, we are also part of a discipline that is diverse in practice. It is necessary to acknowledge our own beliefs, biases as it relates to other culture groups so that we don’t unintentionally create barriers to learning. Health care providers can overcome differing points of view regarding health promotion and disease prevention by creating a learning environment built on mutual trust, respect and acceptance. The goal is to provide education that is built upon the individual or group strengths that empower and engage the group/individual to be an active participant. It should encourage decision-making that positively affects lifestyle and health behavior changes. Through experience and education I have had the opportunity to see the diversity within the Hispanic culture. There are major differences with this group in terms of immigrantsShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism And Its Effects On Society1655 Words   |  7 Pagesother problems in life are blamed. There are many examples of this tragedy in our lives. Alcoholism doesn t just affect the abusser s life, but can affect the lives of his loved ones. Alcoholism affects his health and privlages that he uses in everyday life. According to the National Health interview survey, more than 50% of the population aged 18 or older uses alcohol as a stimulant/ depressent. (alcoholismstatistics.net) People drink for different reasons, some being depression and others bingeRead MoreDiagnosis. According To The Diagnostic And Statistical1282 Words   |  6 Pagestherapy, but the process can offer essential guidance with understanding, motivation, encouragement and long-term possibilities of refraining from reverting back into old habits of addiction (Van Wormer Davis, 2013). Additional treatment for Katrina’s health and well-being will include suggestions for participating in physical exercise, gainful hobbies, creating a life map to identify future goals and/or desires and other activities geared to direct her attention to positive pathways. It is importantRead MoreMarketing Communications Imc Plan5971 Words   |  24 PagesKiffer, James Tammesild, Ventsislav Stoev Huggies IMC Campaign IMC Campaign Huggies biodegradable â€Å"Enviros† Nappy Pants Internal analysis: Kimberley Clark Kimberly Clark is a multi-national corporation that provides basic essentials in health care and personal supplies for those of all ages. Kimberly Clark generates over 1 billion dollars annually within the Australian and New Zealand economy. They are one of top 300 companies in Australia, and employ 1871 employees. Huggies is one of

Computers free essay sample

When Charles Babbage, a professor of Mathematicss at Cambridge university, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he couldn # 8217 ; t conceive of the state of affairs we find ourselves in today. About everything we do in the universe is helped, or even controlled by computing machines, the complicated posterities of his simple machine. Computers are used more and more frequently in the universe today, for the simple ground that they are far more efficent than human existences. They have much better memories and they can hive away much information. No adult male alive can make 500000 amounts in one second, but a computing machine can. In fact, computing machines can make many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can foretell conditions, and of all time play cheat, write poesy or compose music. The usage of computing machines Merely as telecasting has extended human sight across the barriers of clip and distance, so the computing machines extend the power of the human head across the bing barriers. We will write a custom essay sample on Computers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Computers in medical specialty Computers are one of great importance in modern infirmary. The main usage of computing machines is the storing and screening the medical cognition which has been required in the last 50 old ages. No physician can possible maintain up with all finds. The lone solution of the job is store medical cognition in a computing machine. Today there are medical computing machine centres were all bing cognition of symptoms of assorted di seases and of their intervention is stored. Doctors feed informations on symptoms in the computing machine and acquire the necessary information on correct nosologies and intervention. Computers that can be learn Ordinary computing machine can retrieve merely the informations stored in the difficult disc. Now scientists have designed machines, that are capable of larning from experience and retrieving what they have learned. Such a machine is capable of acknowledging objects without human aid or control. Of class, they made many errors. There is another similar machine which can look at missive alphabet a simple words and they # 8220 ; state # 8221 ; thought a loud-speaker what it has seen. The machine has every bit certain larning power. Computers at the school Information scientific discipline with the thoughts and message of processing and hive awaying information is of great importance today. That # 8217 ; s why computing machine engineering must be told in secondary school. The new capable # 8220 ; basic information scientific discipline # 8221 ; , and # 8220 ; calculating machine # 8221 ; was introduced for the senior signifiers at schools. The students teach computing machines to look into school jobs. Reach with the machine increases the involvement in larning, makes them more serious about doting new topic. School computing machines are used non merely for doting information scientific discipline, but besides scrutinies intents. Young people who finish the school must be trained to run computing machines.

Transgender People Ice Users In Australia â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Transgender People Ice Users In Australia? Answer: Introduction Marginalization refers to alienation of people, group or an aspect to an edge of others or positioning it at a lower position. Australia as a continent is not exempted from marginalization where a section of its citizens are live on the periphery of society as their access to various resources and/or opportunities is limited severely hindering them from full participation in their social lives in a decent way. Transgender people form part of the marginalized groups in Australia. Transgender incorporates different identities based on gender identity rather than sex which are the biological description of people based on their gonadal features (Ho Mussap, 2016). Transgender people includes people who live fully as one gender, those who change from one gender to another, those who have undertaken gender reassignment procedures including hormones and surgery. On the other hand, ice users include people who use the most potent crystalline form of methamphetamine a stimulant drug (Darke e t al, 2017). Statistics from Australias National drug and Alcohol Research Centre indicates that that ice-use rate is increasing in young people. The consumption of this illicit drug in Australia has been of concern due to the adverse effects of methamphetamine on the users (Degenhardt et al, 2016). Marginalization pushes the transgender and the ice users to the margin of the society economically, politically, culturally and socially following their exclusion. Their orientation also limits them from taking part in a number of reproductive health programs. It deters their health seeking behavior and, they are even reported to have more cases of depression and anxiety as compared to the normal public. Therefore, our focus will be on the effects of social stigma on the transgender and ice users. Besides, social inclusion and human rights of these marginalized groups will be addressed and the contributing government policies. Effects of social Stigma on Health Historical Aspects Transgender people live on the margin of the society facing homophobic prejudice and stigma as compared to the other heterosexual people. The psychological distress they face results to depression, anxiety, grief and loss, self-harming and self-injury (Ho Mussap, 2016). Chronic social distress has led to the increasing suicidal thoughts and is associated with poor mental health. However, the notion that transgender is a mental illness as described by World Health Organization will soon be changed in the proposed act of the International Classification of diseases (Miles-Johnson, 2015). In addition the sidelining of transgender people has affected their accessibility to health care services. They face exclusion, violence and poor health due to the inability to access appropriate health care needed for their transition including qualified personnel in transgender related cases (Rahn, 2015). The Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender stipulates that there is need for medical services regardless of the recorded gender thus guarding transgender people from health exclusion. Social stigma against the transgender persons as well as other members of LGBT is linked to the historical background of non-tolerance to cases of homosexuality and related behaviors in Australia. Since colonialism, Australian institutions including religious places and schools required gender identity which also implied ones sexual orientation and this forced transgender persons to identify themselves as male or female against their will. Later on, transgender persons could only change their sex on their birth certificate after certified medical approval and this has over time made it difficult as people fear coming into the limelight as transgender. Until 2014 was when the Australian Capital Territory approved a change of sex on birth certificates for transgender persons with no medical intervention. The history of public and policy-related harassment to their ga y and lesbian counterparts in different states since colonialism imposes a muted kind of discrimination upon transgender persons and this makes a lot of them to remain secretive on their gender and sexual orientation. Social Inclusion and Human Rights The Sex Discrimination Act was amended to legalize equality and freedom from discrimination of individuals according to gender identity and/or orientation sexually (Ho Mussap, 2016). However transgender people in Australia still experience social exclusion harassment and hostility in places of work, schools and even health care facilities. Policies and practices including procedures for changing identification documents limit their access to justice. Expression of gender identity at an early age has an impact on the individuals since most of them are alienated from their families. Consequently, they lack access to basic needs and education opportunities as a result they suffer mental and psychological distress (Rahn, 2015). The situation is not different for those who express their gender identity later in life since they are subjected to rejection in social service institutions. Research on workplaces, reveals that most transgender people are excluded from meaningful employment inc luding employee motivation through training opportunities and promotions (Miles-Johnson, 2015). These unfavourable environments results to transphobia in transgender people increases the risk of unemployment, cycles of poverty and homelessness. The Yogyakarta Principles are a culmination of inputs from international human rights defenders, activists and advocates and they outline the rights of the transgender people (Ho Mussap, 2016). They are entitled to enjoy universal human rights including nondiscrimination and recognition, individual personal security, rights to move and seek asylum, freedom to self-expression and to associate, among others. Legal and policy reforms play a major role in facilitating social inclusion of the transgender people in economic, social and cultural dimensions. The policies are aimed at providing opportunities for social inclusion in employment opportunities service access and connecting with others (Miles-Johnson, 2015). The main areas for prioritization include employment, emotional, health and social individual wellbeing, awareness, education, interaction with the existing transgender community and inclusive service delivery. In the year 2014, the Australian Capital Territory in defense of the rights of LGBTI persons made it legal for ne to change their sex status on birth certificates without clearance of medical persons. Later in 2016, Australia apologized for the harassment of these groups of persons during the 1978 Mardi Gras demonstration for their rights (Ho Mussap, 2016). In Australia today, schools and religious institutions do not ask for identification of persons based on gender or sexual orientation and this encourages social inclusion while limiting discrimination of transgender persons. Government Policy on Transgender Evaluation Among the main policies that are meant to ensure social inclusion for transgender persons in Australia include the Sex Discrimination Act of 1984 and the Privacy Act of 1988(Rahn, 2015). As envisaged in the official guidelines for recognition of sex and/or gender, the Sex Discrimination Act of 1984 protects all Australians against any discrimination based on gender and/or sexual orientation including intersex status. Under these guidelines ratified by all Australian states by 2013 the Australian Human Rights Commission investigates and conciliates any discrimination and harassment complaints based on gender and/or intersex status. It is also accepted that where people are obliged to lawfully indicate their sexual orientation, they can choose to indicate as female, male or X. Particularly on Australian Privacy Principles set out in the Privacy Act of 1988, institutions that are lawfully given the right to collect personal information on gender and sex status must be done with ones con sent and the information kept private. Where necessary the information should immediately be destroyed once it has been used for the necessary purpose (Miles-Johnson, 2015). Schools and religious settings are prevented from requiring ones gender identity this helps transgender persons to be socially included within the society. Even so, while the guidelines were set out earlier to protect transgender persons, it has been difficult for different territories to ratify the Acts. Today however, these legislations have made it easier for transgender Australians to socially interact with little stigma. Effects of social Stigma on Health Historical Aspects Ice refers to the crystalline form of the illicit drug methamphetamine and is mostly administered through smoking and intravenous injections The public image of the use of the drug leads to alienation of the users based on the social norms and religious practices. Social stigmatization of ice users affects their health seeking behavior. They mostly associate with their fellow users and where they are depressed and psychologically disoriented; they are not able to seek for healthcare attention (Degenhardt et al, 2016). They get more alienated from the normal public due to psychosis and paranoia, which when goes untreated has contributed to mental illnesses among the population of long-term users. Police reports in Victoria and other parts of Australia have linked a number of murders to ice-users. This agrees with the publics association of ice users with violence and justifies their distance from them. The users are likely to be the immediate suspects in cases where crimes are committ ed. The stigma which makes them avoid seeking medical attention when overdosed puts them at risk of death. Studies indicate that Ice contributes to deaths just like heroin, when overdosed. Community members and families living with ice-users are disturbed by the users irritability, depression, anxiety and sleeplessness (Darke et al, 2017). Once they understand that it is an addiction, they take it as normal practice and ignore presenting the users for medical attention. Also understanding that the drug is illegal in Australia, users find it hard to seek for healthcare leading to deterioration of their health including development of mental illnesses and blood-borne disease conditions. Social Inclusion and Human Rights Ice drug users constitute a hidden population due to stigma, discrimination, social exclusion and laws on criminalization (Degenhardt et al, 2016). All human beings have a right to equality, dignity and other rights; however criminalization of drug use makes drug users to be vulnerable to interference and harassment and even imprisonment. However the war on drugs has opened a gap towards discrimination based on colour and social-economic status. The users are exposed to torture and execution in rehabilitation camps and even prisons for example subjection to brutal aversion therapies and others are executed for drug offenses, thus contributing to their increased mortality rates (Darke et al, 2017). They lack healthcare and service provision including lack of harm reduction associated with drug use. Provision of needles and syringes to intravenous drug users helps in preventing disease transmission for example hepatitis and HIV. Besides the ice uses have a right to pain management and medication, though its prohibition has violated the right to it. Consequently the users are separated from their families and they suffer arbitrary interferences with their families. (McKetin et al, 2016). Most of them lose custody of their children. The ice users are stigmatized and are considered to be physically, emotionally and economically unstable to take care of their families. Prohibitions as well as stigma and discrimination contribute to human right violation which promotes social exclusion. Government Policy on Encouraging Social Inclusion for Ice Users The Australian government through the Strategy To Stop The Hurt Caused By Crystal Methamphetamine which was recommended by a report done by the Ministerial Crystal Methamphetamine Taskforce in early February 2017 is the current policy to salvage healthcare for ice-users. This was done as a rapid response to the surge of ice-use and its effects on community health. South Australia state in response allocated $8 million to fund the Ice Action Plan that focuses on several initiatives (Darke et al, 2017). The plan targets priority areas including a reduction in the supply of ice, an increase in treatment for users and provision of family support, and further; develop community-based education and capacity on ice-use effects. Consequently, the policy allocated $3.6 million to increase access to treatment, $0.3m to assist the community-based organizations to manage ice-abuse issues, and $0.3 million to facilitate creation of grass root sporting clubs so as to engage ice-abusers on health i ssues (Darke et al, 2017). More importantly, this policy allocated $0.498million which is currently being used to supporting different employers to respond better to cases of substance abuse within the workplace. Other initiatives according to McKetin et al (2016) include decriminalization of possession of small quantities of ice, diversionary programs with an approach to early intervention and prevention of ice use and drug courts to deal with offenders and drug dependents for example the Drug court of New South Wales (Australasian Psychiatry, 2015). These approaches go hand in hand with the Australian National Drug Strategy 2016-2025 which emphasizes on the need to minimize demand, reduce supply and reduce the harm caused by effects of ice abuse. Conclusion Marginalization relegates some groups to the periphery of the society as a result of largely, policy-based exclusion. It is clear that this hinders access of a part of the society, to resources and platforms for productive potential and opportunities to optimize their potentials. This has adverse effects to communities, states and even the global perspective in terms of poverty, misery and livelihood insecurities. As defined by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the world should be created to offer equal worth to every individual with respect and value (Miles-Johnson, 2015). In addition growth of human rights law and judgment based on legal standards, state practice and international institutions focus on the human rights full spectrum including among other cultural and/or socio-economic rights. Social inclusion will reduce inequality and further competition over the scarce resources. The collaboration of social inclusion, human rights and government policies plays a vital ro le in reducing social stigma, prejudice and discrimination of marginalized groups. Transgender people and the Ice users constitute groups with a hope of redefining their lives and their role in socio-economic development. References Darke, S., Kaye, S., Duflou, J. (2017). Rates, characteristics and circumstances of methamphetamine-related death in Australia: a national 7-year study.Addiction. Degenhardt, L., Sara, G., McKetin, R., Roxburgh, A., Dobbins, T., Farrell, M. et al. (2016). Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine-related harms in Australia.Drug And Alcohol Review,36(2), 160-170. Ho, F., Mussap, A. (2016). Transgender Mental Health in Australia: Satisfaction with Practitioners and the Standards of Care.Australian Psychologist,52(3), 209-218. McKetin, R., Degenhardt, L., Hall, W. (2016). Estimating the number of regular and dependent methamphetamine users in Australia, 20022014.The Medical Journal Of Australia,205(9), 426. Miles-Johnson, T. (2015). Policing Diversity: Examining Police Resistance to Training Reforms for Transgender People in Australia.Journal Of Homosexuality,63(1), 103-136. New College policy and advocacy work contributes to addressing methamphetamine-related harms in Australia and New Zealand. (2015).Australasian Psychiatry,23(6), 719-719. Owen-Smith, A., Woodyatt, C., Sineath, R., Hunkeler, E., Barnwell, L., Graham, A. et al. (2016). Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators of Participation in Health Research Among Transgender People.Transgender Health,1(1), 187-196. Owen-Smith, A., Woodyatt, C., Sineath, R., Hunkeler, E., Barnwell, L., Graham, A. et al. (2016). Perceptions of Barriers to and Facilitators of Participation in Health Research Among Transgender People.Transgender Health,1(1), 187-196. Quinn, B., Stoov, M., Papanastasiou, C., Dietze, P. (2012). Methamphetamine use in Melbourne, Australia: baseline characteristics of a prospective methamphetamine-using cohort and correlates of methamphetamine dependence.Journal Of Substance Use,18(5), 349-362. Rahn, A. (2015). Female-to-Male (FtM) transgender people's experiences in Australia: a national study.Gender And Education,28(5), 696-698.

Physical Fitness and Sport Policy in the Cold War

Introduction The period of the Cold War can be considered the time of depression or the time of dramatic progress and changes. As two superpowers competed in all possible domains, it was apparent that athletic fitness and physical training could become the same premises for a competition as the arms race or other areas where some rivalry between the United States of America and the Soviet Union occurred.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Physical Fitness and Sport Policy in the Cold War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, Thomas M. Hunt analyzes the rise of competition in the field of physical training, especially in Olympic Games in the period of the Cold War. The author claims that the time of Lyndon B. Johnson presidential administration shifted the priorities in the sports national policy and vision of sports rivalry in the United States. Analysis of the thesis â€Å"Addressing the subject in terms of federal initiatives during the 1960s, this article will argue that the years of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidential administration served as an important transition period between competing visions of American sport policy† (Hunt 274). Though Hunt suggests that vision of the rivalry in sport shifted in the years of Johnson administration, this change had efficient premises and was a matter of time. I believe that the thesis is rather strong though it makes the readers think about other factors that could have contributed to reorganization of the sports policy in the United States. However, the thesis in this article is well-though and formulated on the basis of an introductory part where the author explains his point of view. For instance, Hunt discussed rivalry between two superpowers in the period of Cold War and inferred from it that sport policy is another area for competition and that the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson contributed greatly to shifts made in ph ysical training policy and vision of the conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States. Evidence to support the thesis Hunt uses reports and facts to support the thesis why I believe that the entire discussion of the topic lacks analysis of other perspectives that could be interesting in this issue. First, the author mentions Kennedy’s attempts to propagate physical fitness as a way to make the mute conflict even more tensed as well as Eisenhower’s vision of the level of physical fitness in the national framework. As such, Kennedy claimed that â€Å"Communist system possesses the vigor and determination necessary to satisfy awakening aspirations for progress† (Hunt 275) which can be treated as a way to make people more ideologically concerned with their physical fitness in order to be ready to reflect the enemy’s ‘aggression’. On the other hand, this fact supports the ideas introduced in the thesis: Cold War period shifted prioritie s and the nation became more concerned with the rivalry in the domain of sport policy and Olympic Games.Advertising Looking for critical writing on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The rivalry in physical fitness could also reflect the desires of the nation and its administration to attain superiority and show that the American people can succeed in other areas than technological development and arms race. Hunt did not discuss rivalry broadly in other domains in terms of failures and victories of each side while other factors could be essential for Johnson administration to bring the concept of physical fitness into a brand-new level. The war in Vietnam was not as effective as the Americans thought it to be and thousands of people were not satisfied with the policies of the President administration to get involved into other military conflicts. As such, the only way to distract the population from the administration wa s to give people another enemy to fight against. Consequently, physical fitness concept and sport policies, as well as competitions in the international athletic arena, became the primary goal of all people whereas this strategy was not more than a mere propaganda. Two superpowers in the period of Cold War were in the condition of permanent stress and every event was treated as a chance to demonstrate superiority over the rival. The arms race is the most essential domain in which no winner could be while physical fitness and sports competitions became a matter of efforts, propaganda, sacrifice, and many other issues that became important for people who thought about the conflict and believed it necessary to do everything to support their compatriots. Hunt analyzes the emergence of physical fitness concept and its increasing importance in the period of Cold War which is the strength of the author’s argument while every domain was the ‘field of battle’ and people s pecializing in different domains were encouraged to perform a labor feat as a means to demonstrate patriotism and loyalty to the country. In this respect the weakness of the argument is that it could have focused on physical fitness and sport policy as one of numerous displays of the Cold War but not emphasize that the President Johnson and his administration catalyzed desire of the American people to win all the competitions in sport by means of telling them that it is great to develop physical fitness. Conclusion The tension apparent for the period of Cold War can be evaluated with regard to achievements in different domains though Hunt attempts to prove that sport policies are the result of shifts in the consciousness of the president administration in the years of Johnson when the matter of physical fitness and victories at the Olympics were considered a feat in the name of the country.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Physical Fitness and Sport Policy in the Cold War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The evidence is rather convincing, while many other ideas emerge while reading the article. The author focuses on the sports policies and tries to identify who began the shift in the domain whereas there are other important factors that could have been evaluated in terms of contribution to the development of sports propaganda. Work Cited Hunt, Thomas M. â€Å"American sport policy and the cultural Cold War: The Lyndon B. Johnson presidential years.† Journal of Sport History, 33.3: 273-297. Print. This critical writing on Physical Fitness and Sport Policy in the Cold War was written and submitted by user Chaya Moran to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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buy custom Ingram essay This paper will give a detailed account of how technicians can ethically deal with objectionable files on computer systems by first exploring what these files are, their types, origin, how they can be detected and appropriate ways of protecting machines of them. These discussions will however base on normative ethics as applied to determine what is right or wrong in this specific field. Objectionable files are unwanted content that may find their way in to a computer system or program. The problem of objectionable content is universal and millions of computer users all over the whole world are faced with it (Nick, 1999). Computer technicians are therefore charged with ultimate responsibility of ensuring that all unpleasant materials are eliminated from computers. Technicians especially those who specialize in this particular field have the ability to point out the specific files essential for the computer system and those with harmful or explicit content and get rid of them appropriately. Ingram (2004) asserts that these objectionable files are very harmful not only to the computer system but also to humanity especially children. They are a bad influence because pornographic content on the internet on the computer system can easily initiate them into immorality and other forms of sexual violence. Viruses and Trojan horses have harmful effects on the computer system depending on what they were specifically designed for. Being software programs, they are capable of performing operations just like other programs that run the computer. They damage other important files or interfere with normal computer operations. There are other forms that just spread themselves in the computer system but also harmful as they end up corrupting other files. Ethics presents itself when individuals reflect on the purpose and implications of their acts. Consequently ethical theory approaches apply to everyone on daily basis and in every environment. Computer technicians, due to the nature of their must apply ethicaal theories to govern their handling of objectionable files. The most appropriate approach of ethical theory that applies to this situation is normative ethics. Normative ethics seeks to determine morality standards which define wrong and right other than dictating the way one should act to purse what is right (Ganguly, 2010). Objectionable files like viruses and pornographic content should not be tolerated and therefore normative ethics dictate that technicians must use appropriate ways of getting rid of them to be morally right. The society still respects the rights of children and they should be protected from all scenes that can corrupt their minds. Viruses negatively affect the working of computers and therefore they have to be removed (Ganguly, 2010). These are the proper standards which have been defined as valuable and if exercised, they go a long way in ensuring harmony at work. It is morally wrong for computer technicians to expose children and computers to objectionable content. However a good technician will do as discussed below. Buy custom Ingram essay

The Relationship Between Sharia Law and International Commercial Dissertation

The Relationship Between Sharia Law and International Commercial Arbitration - Dissertation Example ration. Procedural issues, such as: access to justice, service of process, standards of fair trial, evidence, independence and impartiality of arbitrators, joinder, intervention and consolidation, confidentiality of the arbitral proceedings, arbitral interim measures, requirements for an arbitral award. Substantial issues involving the merits of the dispute, such as the application of uniform law and mandatory rules. Acceptance of prior or intervening court judgments/ arbitral awards that may be recognized as res judicata and similar issues.4 Overall, the central debate in resolving issues about the merits of a dispute revolves about whether arbitrators can or should rely upon the general principles of law instead of the legal system of any one State. The debate gains significance when the issue is addressed differently by the general principles of law and the legal system of the state, and controversy exists in the degree to which the clashing principles of sovereignty and pacta sun t servanda should apply. b) Source of general principles of law in international commercial arbitration The phrase ‘general principles of law’ conveys the impression of a set of rules spontaneously arrived at by international businessmen; the truth, however, is that they are rules grounded in national legal systems. It must be clarified that the general principles of international law are not always applicable in all situations. In those instances that the parties have stipulated in their agreement their choice of law or rules of law that is to govern their relationship, there is no instance when general principles of law shall apply. Arbitrators are bound to respect the choice of the parties. The following are the more popular ICA rules according to institution: i) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention, Regulations and Rules ii) ICSID Additional Facility Rules iii) London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) Arbitration Rule s iv) International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Dispute Resolution Rules v) (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Arbitration Rules vi) Permanent Court of Arbitration Rules vii) American Arbitration Association (AAA) International Arbitration Rules viii) International Bar Association (IBA) Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration 2) Islam and its Legal System a) Overview of Sharia The word â€Å"Shari’a† is Arabic for â€Å"the path† or â€Å"the way,†5 or more descriptively, â€Å"a path or way to a water hole in the desert.†6 The more figurative meaning would be the path Allah or God had designated for humankind to follow in

Identify a nursing informatics project Coursework

Identify a nursing informatics project - Coursework Example The need for the replacement arises from the changes and technological innovation most of which have created better digital infrastructures that promise increased efficiency and fidelity of communication and databases. Replacing the information system at the facility is therefore important since it will not only update the facility’s database but will also enhances the efficiency of operations and the quality of services at the healthcare center. The stakeholders in the project will include the service provider. The facility contracts the service provider to install an appropriate information system at the facility. As such, the service provider will not only install the system but also advise the other stakeholders on the features of the system thereby enhancing its functionality. Other stakeholders will include the doctors and nurses at the facility the two will use the system on a daily basis as they access various files. They therefore require appropriate technical knowhow and understanding of the system in order to use it effectively (Blick, 2011). The project’s priority at the facility is to offer a secure and efficient information system at the facility. The new information system will consist on new computers coupled with many other auxiliary equipment and programs that will safeguard the safety and integrity of the facility’s database. The success of the project results from the timely installation and a delivery of the improved efficiency among other features missing in the current system. Installing the information system in time is mandatory since it enhances and upholds the timely vale the organization prides in; this enhances the reputation of the facility besides complementing service delivery. The information system will necessitate the creation of an information department within the facility.

Intercultural Communication in Workplace Case Study

Intercultural Communication in Workplace - Case Study Example Morgan. He seemed to be in a jovial mood. Immediately Mrs. Morgan followed him to his office. Mrs. Morgan didn't understand why Mr. Ablerto could have called her this early to his office. Although she did not understand why she was called she remembered that there were some sales document that were supposed to be signed by the general manager and passed to the production department as the deliveries were expected to be made by that afternoon. But when she reached the office she found it in a total mess as it had not been clean and she thought she had been called to put it in order. As she was collecting the papers on the floor she remembered about the sales documents. First when Mr. Alberto waved his hand, he did not intend to call Mrs. Morgan but it was a form of greeting. Mr. Alberto happens to be an Italian while Mrs. Morgan was an American. Apparently in the Italian culture, their form of waving is the same as telling someone to come while waving in the sense that they move their fingers up and down while waving. In the American culture this is same as calling someone. So when Mr. Alberto waved at Mrs. Morgan he was greeting her but not calling her. But this was misinterpreted by Mrs. Morgan who followed him to the office. Not knowing why she was called, Mrs. Morgan immediately went and started collecting some papers which were scattered in the office. She apparently judged that the only reason why Mr. Ablerto would have called her was that his office had not been cleaned and perhaps wanted her to keep it in order. So she apparently set out collecting the paper that had been scattered on the floor. She decided to ask about the status of the documents that were to be signed. According to the answer that she was given by Mr. Ablerto she interpreted it for yes though Mr. Alberto meant no in his Italian language. Apparently he appeared very busy and did not pay attention to the details of the conversation. Mrs. Morgan left the office satisfied that the documents had been signed and she relaxed in her office waiting to collect and deliver the orders. These two issues as presented in the conversation are actually some of the cultural issues that acted as a barrier to communication. First Mrs. Morgan didn't understand that Mr. Alberto was waving at her to greet her and was not calling her. This was a misinterpretation of the meaning of the non verbal expression. The difference in the interpretation here was affected by the cultural interpretation of the meaning of the gesture between the Italian and American cultures. This created as barrier in

Child care and education

Child care and education Introduction Play is central to the development of children which helps them make sense of the world they live in and they learn by playing, exploring and trying things out. From 2008, child minders, nurseries, pre-schools and reception classes are required to pursue the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), and will be checked under this framework by OfSTED. The EYFS has been planned to provide support and direction to all those working with children up to the age of 5 in how best to enable children to feel safe and supported and to extend their learning and development. In EYFS, stress is placed upon understanding that each child and their family are unique, with different needs and concerns. Effective practitioners should be asking themselves What sort of child is this and how am I going to support their development and learning? The EYFS has rightly set the relationship between practitioner and child at its core because we have a very special, influential and vitally important role as we support, facilitate, model, reflect, evaluate and engage with children along their learning journey. www.foundation-stage.info Childrens learning and development is from 6 areas personal social emotional development; communication, language and literacy; problem solving, reasoning and numeracy; knowledge and understanding of the world; creative development; physical development They bring together the skills, understanding and experiences appropriate for babies and children as they grow up, learn thing and develop. Childrens development happens generally in six overlapping phases birth 11 months, 8 20 months, 16 26 months, 22 36 months, 30 50 months and 40 60 months. The overlap is planned to emphasise the fact that are differences between the development of children in different varying of learning, and between children of similar ages. It strengthens the principle that children learn and develop in different ways and at different rates but also that all areas of learning and development are equally important and are interconnected. There are a number of current influences on play and a couple are highlighted below. Forest Schools Their are a number of points where Forest Schools encourage and inspire children of any age through positive outdoor experiences. Forest Schools aim to develop: The personal development of the children so that there personal confidence, self esteem, self awareness, and social skills improve A wider range of physical skills Understanding of natural and man made environments Understanding of environmental issues Self Regulation, Intrinsic Motivation, Empathy, Good social communication skills, Independence and a positive mental attitude. Forest School create a unique learning environment they are used to support a range of individuals, community groups and larger organisations to use their local open space for play, health, activity and personal development uses. The children would be encouraged to learn through play in the forests and develop their imagination through play Forest Schools originated in Sweden in the 1950s when children were taught outside. They learnt about the world and nature and the environment through stories, songs and activities with woodland materials. The first Forest School in Britain was initiated by Bridgwater College 10 years ago. Forest Schools use the open space to help children learn practical and social skills as well as freedom. From as young as 5 years old, children can sit around a fire and learn how important it is to treat fire respectfully. Child Care and Education pg 289 Reggio Emilia Started in Italy in the late 1940s after the war. The aim is based on the ideas that a child is creative competent learner who discover in collaboration with adults and other children so they develop social learning. The basic idea of Reggio is believing in the importance of discovery, both indoor and outdoor, learning environments are stimulating and that children should reflect on their learning and document their own learning. There are seven points that Reggio is based on Creative thinking / using their imagination Exploring and discovery / finding things out on their own Free play Following childrens interests / doing what they enjoy Valuing, encouraging all ways children express themselves Asking children to talk about ideas and to expand on them Asking children to re-visit their ideas There are also some central approaches to the Reggio Emelia approach Low adult to children ratios Teachers as learners and reflective practioners. Child Care and Education pg 289 Child Development pg 155 What is child development theories? There are many theories and research , national and local initiatives as well as policies, physical, intellectural, emotion and social as well as psychological reasons such as security and safety,lifestyle,play . Technological reasons also affect child development Child development theories are sets of principles that are designed to predict and explain something. Over the years, psychologists and scientists had devised many theories which help explain observations and discoveries about child development. Also, providing a broader framework of understanding, a good theory allows educated guesses about aspects of development that are not yet clearly understood. These ideas provide the basis for research. A theory also has practical value. When a parent, educator, therapist, or policymaker makes decisions that affect the lives of children, a well-founded theory can guide them in responsible ways. Child development theories can also limit understanding, such as when a poor theory misleadingly emphasizes unimportant influences on development and underestimates the significance of other factors. The regulation states that Play underpins the delivery of all the EYFS and has many constant reminders throughout the guidance for practitioners to aid child initiated learning through play. The effective practitioner is tuning into childrens interests and thoughts so that you can tap into what they love and know which stimulate and inspire. Play is also at the forefront of the EYFSs delivery and can be the start for everyone involved. You can enrich young childrens lives by being reflective and be a well equipped facilitators enjoying the learning journey with them! The EYFS programme is about improving chances for life for all children, by giving them all an opportunity to have the best possible start, regardless of their family status or circumstances or where they attend. The EYFS delivers improved outcomes for all children, across all areas of development and learning. The Childcare Bill seeks to establish a single standard phase of development for all children, as it set the 10 year strategy for childcare Choice for parents, the best start for children. Its provides a flexible system that helps and supports childrens development from birth, when they will interact with adults that are trained and experienced; in environments that are safe, caring and loving. The Early Years Foundation Stage is a central part of the ten year childcare strategy: Ensuring a consistent approach to care and learning from birth to the end of the Foundation Stage. Incorporating elements of the National Standards. Has a play-based approach Focuses on stages of development rather than chronological, age based teaching and learning The overarching aim of the EYFS is to help children achieve the Every Child Matters five outcomes: Staying safe Being healthy Enjoying and achieving Making a positive contribution Achieving economic wellbeing The EYFS principles are grouped into 4 themes A unique child. Principle Every child is a competent learner from birth who can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured Positive Relationships Principle Children learn to be strong and independent from a base of loving and secure relationships with parents and/or a key person Enabling Environments Principle The environment plays a key role in supporting and extending childrens development and learning Learning and Development Principle Children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates and all areas of learning and development are equally important and inter-connected. The theorists, Piaget, and Vygotsky, both viewed the significance about the role of play and learning in the early years. Both found it to be a vital part of a childs development. Piagets idea of self discovery suggested that children needed minimal adult interactions to help them learn through life. He believed that the children tried, without adult help, to make sense of the world and understand what was going on around them. He also had similar thoughts on his theory of child language acquisition. He had a idea notion that play was a window that reflected the goings on in the life of a child. Vygotsky saw it differently. He suggested that children are social learners, and liked to explore and discover new things with the help of adults and not without. This was his scaffolding theory and the zone of proximal development. Bruner said that when the children get older they stop learning new things.They start to build on what they already know. If children were left to teach themselves, as Piaget said, the child may not learn all they need to know, eg Maths. The subject of Maths needs adult help and teachings ensure that the children understand correctly, and that the necessary information is being learnt. Also some children, even in a play situation, will continually return to the same area and objects because it is their comfort zone. Evidently this way the child will fail to benefit from the learning Banduras Social Learning Theory modified traditional learning theory which was based on stimulus-response relationships. It considered learning to be no different among infants, children, adults, or even animals. Banduras approach is influential in the treatment of problem behaviors and disorders. Learning can be based on a spiral approach (Janet Moyles 1989)which starts with free-play.It allows children to explore e.g. To explore water using equipment provided. e.g. To explore how to change the size of a splash. Can they make a small splash, can you make a big splash? It is vital to allow children the chance to practise the skill they have learnt through lone and peer supported play. Childrens play reflects their wide ranging and varied interests and pre-occupations. In their play children learn at their highest level. Play with peers is important for childrens development. Through play children learn experiences by exploring and developing, which help them make sense of the world. They practice and build up ideas, and learn how to control themselves and understand the need for rules. They have the opportunity to think creatively alongside other children as well as on their own. They communicate with others as they investigate and solve problems. They express fears or re-live anxious experiences in controlled and safe situations. Observing children is different from being alert and noticing what is happening around you. Observations have to be focused and carried out in an order to plan for and assess children in a purposeful manner The information below gives advice on the following on some principles for observational assessment, and how they can be put them into practice: Assessment must have a reason and a purpose. Continuous observation of children participating in every day activities is the most suitable way of building up an accurate picture of what the children know, understand and feel, what they are interested in and what they can do. Practitioners should plan observations and also be ready to capture the spontaneous but important moments. Judgement of childrens development and learning must be based on skills, knowledge, understanding and behaviour that are demonstrated consistently and independently. Effective assessment takes equal account of all aspects of the childs development and learning. Accurate assessments are reliant upon taking account of contributions from a range of perspectives. Assessments must actively engage parents in developing an accurate picture of the childs development. Children must be fully involved in their own assessment. Record keeping is important and are an important tool to help practitioners and childrens attainment and progress. A multi professional approach when working with children and parents is important as it helps children not to slip through the net. Communication is the biggest part of the multi professional team, as everyone needs to know what is going on. The multi professional approach team is made up of a lot of different agencies, they are agencies including Schools and teachers, Hospitals and doctors, Social workers, Police and many more. They all work together to help parents and children to stop tragic cases such as death, child abuse, etc. Multi professional approach allows professionals share knowledge about a family needs so that the parents dont have to ask the same questions over and over again. The professionals are aware of each others roles in supporting the family so that conflicting advice can be minimise. It is essential that each agency communicates well and understands not only there role and responsibilities but the others agencies as well. Parents/guardians are the most important people in a childs life, and recognise the importance of this. We have a responsible role that involves sharing care of the child with parents/guardians; listen to parents/guardians, as they are the expert on their child. Every Child Matters is a important part of the curriculum. Its aims as agreed by leaders, teachers and other education professionals and is about promoting childrens wellbeing and enabling them to develop their potential as healthy, enterprising and responsible citizens. Every Child Matters states that every child, whatever their social upbringing or circumstances, should have the help they need to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, achieve economic wellbeing These five outcomes need to be at the centre of everything a nursery or school does and reinforced through every aspect of its curriculum- lessons, events, routines, the environment in which children learn and what they do out of school. Early Education Providers involved in the care and education of young children from birth to five follows rules from the Department for Children, Schools and Families. These rules are intended to support practitioners to meet the diverse needs of all children, enabling them to enjoy and achieve. Children birth to three years Care, learning and development for babies and children up to three is available at a variety of settings including day nurseries, registered pre schools and childminders. Practitioners use the Birth to Three Matters Framework to support the young children in their care. The Framework: values and celebrates babies and children recognises their individuality, efforts and achievements recognises that all children from birth develop and learning though interaction with people and exploration of the world around them recognises the holistic nature of development and learning The child is at the centre of the Birth to Three Matters Framework. It highlights four Areas which mark the skill and competence of babies and young children and shows the links between growth, learning, development and the importance of the environment in which they are cared for and educated. These four areas are A Strong Child A Skilful Communicator A Competent Learner A Healthy Child All children, whichever provision they attend, will experience a play based curriculum of planned, independent and adult led activities. These experiences may take place indoors and/or outdoors and will aim to develop knowledge, skills and understanding in the following areas: Personal, Social and Emotional Development Helps children to mix and form relationships with individuals and groups, playing and learning co-operatively. Children are supported to develop a positive sense of themselves and an awareness of the needs and feelings of others Communication, Language and Literacy Children are supported to develop skills in talking and listening, reading and writing. They are introduced to a rich learning environment where these skills are valued. Mathematical Development Mathematical understanding is developed through a variety of practical activities based on every day situations. Children are supported to develop mathematical ideas and use related vocabulary while taking part in sorting, matching, ordering, counting, pattern making and working with numbers, shapes and measures. Knowledge and Understanding of the World Children are encouraged to be curious, to ask questions, to experiment and solve problems to help them make sense of the world they live in. A variety of practical experiences build the foundation for later learning about science, design and technology, information and communication technology, history, geography and religious education. Physical Development Young children are supported to develop physical control, co- ordination and manipulation, confidence and ability to move in different ways and handle large and small equipment. Children learn how their bodies work and how to stay active, safe and healthy. Creative Development Children have opportunities to take part in a range of creative experiences. As their imagination develops they have opportunities to communicate and express their ideas and feelings in a number of ways through artwork, music, dance and role play. These six areas of learning are of equal importance and through activities and experiences children learn and develop in a holistic manner. Parents are childrens first educators and are highly valued in the contribution that they make. The role that parents have played, and their future role, in educating the children do this through: before their child starts in our school talk to parents about their child; children have the chance to spend time with their teacher before starting at a nursery school by having Induction Session. Giving parents regular opportunities to talk about their childs progress Giving free access to their childrens Learning Journey record books . Encouraging parents to talk to their childs teachers about any concerns they may have. A range of activities throughout the year that will encourage collaboration between child, nursery school and parents. Ie.fund raising days, themed activity days, concerts like Harvest Festival, nativity, Easter and leavers concert. Have 2 formal meetings per year (Autumn and Summer term) with parents to discuss the childs progress and development. All staff who are involved with EYFS should aim to develop good relationships with children and interact with them and take time to listen to the children. Recognising diversity is about recognising that children can come from lots of different backgrounds and family structures and this could be from the language they speak, culture and beliefs. Diversity means responding in a positive manner to differences, valuing all people. All children are citizens and have rights and entitlements. Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter: what they think or say what type of family they come from what language(s) they speak what their parents do whether they are girls or boys whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting. Improving the physical environment physical aids to access education such as ICT equipment and portable aids for children with motor co-ordination and poor hand/eye skills. New buildings should be physically accessible to disabled pupils and will involve improving access to existing buildings including ramps, wider doors, low sinks, etc Improving the delivery of information to disabled children at nurserys or schools The information should take account of pupils disabilities and parents preferred formats and be made available All children should be treated in the same way regardless of race, religion or abilities. Nno matter what they think or say, what type of family they come from, what language(s) they speak, what their parents do, whether they are girls or boys or whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting and all children have a need to develop, which is helped by exploring and discovering the people and things around them. Some childrens development may be at risk, for example children who are disabled and those with special educational needs , those from socially excluded families, such as the homeless or those who live with a parent who is disabled or has a mental illness, children from traveller communities, refugees or asylum seekers and those from diverse linguistic backgrounds. All children are entitled to enjoy a full life in conditions which will help them take part in society and develop as an individual, with their own cultural and spiritual beliefs. Practitioners ensure that their own knowledge about different cultural groups is up-to-date and consider their own attitudes to people who are different from themselves. In the UK, children are being raised in a society with many sources of enriching diversity. Good early years practice needs to sustain this from the earliest months of babyhood. Practitioners need to work to create a encouraging learning environment. Play materials, books and other resources can be on hand in a helpful way by reflecting on how young children learn about culture and cultural uniqueness. Diversity and inclusion is also linked to legislation such the Childrens Act 1989, SEN act 2001, Rights of Children 1989 and the Race Relations Act 1976. Also included is the Disability Act 2004. Children like experiencing food, music or dance forms that reflect their own family and neighbourhood experiences. Early childhood is a good time to offer opportunities that enable children to stretch beyond the familiar. Children can learn to appreciate cultural diversity in styles of art, craft, music and dance. All opportunities need to be well grounded in positive pride for the styles common in every childs own background. Learning about identity and cultural diversity can help young people to live and work together in diverse communities, both in this country and the wider world. It can also help them develop their identity and sense of belonging which are fundamental to personal well-being and the achievements of a flourishing and cohesive society. The United Kingdom already has of a large range of ethnicities, cultures, languages, beliefs and religions. These are not staying still but are constantly changing and interacting, so that everyone can identify with different aspects of their heritage in different situations. Diversity also cover, social class, regional differences, gender, sexual orientation, religious and non-religious beliefs and values. Young people need to develop the ability to see themselves as part of this diversity, and to reflect on who they are. Schools can give them the opportunity to explore their identities in a safe and positive environment, and to discuss what is important to them and their families. This develops a sense of belonging to a community that values them and improves their understanding of what binds people in communities together. When individuals recognise and value their own culture, beliefs and traditions, they can better understand how others develop their identities. The identity and cultural diversity curriculum dimension helps learners to gain a broad understanding of the country they are growing up in: its past, its present and its future. They learn about its range of cultures and traditions, its political system, values and human rights, how it has evolved to be as it is, and in particular, how they are able to contribute through democratic participation to its future development. References Child Care and Education Tassoni. P. (2007). Heinemann (Harcourt Education Limited). Oxford , England Child Development Meggitt. C. (2006). Heinemann (Pearson Education Limited). Harlow, England Department of education and Skills (DFES) 2007 Early Childhood Studies, Willan, Parker-Rees, Savage: (2004) :Learning Matters ltd

Canterbury Tales Essay - Quest for Power in The Wife of Bath :: Wife of Bath Essays

The Quest for Power in The Wife of Bath The Wife of Bath is a very envious women, who desires only a few simple things in life. She likes to make mirror images of herself, through her stories, which in some way reflects the person who she really is. This is all proven through the many ways she portrays her characters. The Wife of Bath desires the obvious in life, but what she most desires above all is being more powerful than her man, her spouse, and her lover. In a relationship, she wishes to be the dominant of the two. The one who has the last say. The one who is in control and decides all of the matters in the relationship. This is shown in her tale when the knight fulfills his task to her."'...a women wants the self-same sovereignty over her husband and her lover. And master him: he must not be above her. This is your greatest wish...' In the court not one that shook her head or contradicted what the knight had said..." (lines 164-170) The knight had spoken and fulfilled his quest, he found what women what the best. No women in the assembly disagreed with the knight's reply and certainly not the old hag. So it must be true power is what women what the most. There is another example of the desire of power for the women it the relationship. The old hag, after marrying the knight, gives him a choice. For her to either stay ugly and be faithful or to become beautiful and wonder. " 'My lady, my love, my dearest wife, I leave the matter to your wise decision. You make the choice yourself, for the provision. I don't care which; whatever pleases you suffices me.'" "'Have I won the mastery?' she said 'Since I am to choose and rule as I think fit?'" "'Certainly, wife, that's it.'" (lines 310-318) Consequently, the hag became beautiful, but yet still faithful. This example shows how happy the women became when she was given the power. So happy that she rewarded her husband by becoming beautiful. " 'And may Christ Jesus send us husbands (that are) meek and young and fresh in bed. And grace to overbid them when we wed.and-Jesu hear my prayer!- cut short the lives of the those who won't be governed by their wives.

Casablanca Review Essay

Some suggest that Rick Blaine’s (Humphrey Bogart) popularity among college-age people grows out of his role as a classic existential hero. What is existentialism? What existential traits does Rick have? Are these appealing to you? Why would they have such appeal to the above-mentioned audience? Existentialism is an early twentieth century philosophy that deals with individualism, and assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves. Rick throughout a bulk of the film seems aloof, and is out for only himself. In the beginning of the film Rick was a totally different he was very optimistic, but because of Lisa leaving him in Paris he became very angry. Until Lisa comes back into his life he seems to only be out for himself, the way he runs the club he seems to have no regard for anyone but himself. I understand as to why college age students would be drawn to these traits, but if you ask me these traits do not appeal to me. The reason I believe it appeals to college students is because a lot of college age students see the way he acts and sees him as independent, which college students are trying to achieve when they’re on their own. Another reason I believe that his character appealed to this audience is because of when he shoots Major Stresser, this appeals to these students because they see him as a hero. As in Welles’ Citizen Kane, the function of the flashback is quite important both to the narrative structure and the development of the main characters. Discuss the flashback to Paris. The flashback in this movie played an important role in the film, in the flashback they show Rick as a happy, loving man. He seemed to be in love with Lisa and seemed very excited to run away with Lisa. The reason this is so important is because throughout the movie Rick is always depressed and seems to only care about himself. The flashback consisted of Rick and Lisa planning to meet at a train station to run away together, when they were scheduled to meet we see Rick there without Lisa arriving. This incident is what has turned Rick into the man that he is during the movie; this is why they go back to this flashback during the movie. This flashback also explains the reason as to why he got angry when Sam played â€Å"As Time Goes By,† and as to why he becomes infuriated when Lisa shows up to his club in Casablanca. Like stated before people see Rick as an existential hero because of the way he acts through the film, seeming very reserved and only seeming to care about himself. The flashback shows why he became this way and lead to him becoming the existential hero that he became. Select some examples from the dialog and discuss. I believe one of the most famous quotes from the movie was in the end of the film when Rick and Renault are walking away into what seems to be a mist, and Renault mentions to Rick about leaving Casablanca and joining the Free French at Brazzaville, then he utters a quote that is very popular in films today â€Å"Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship. I believe that this quote was so popular because of the set up for this quote; the quote itself is very mysterious and is generally leading towards something that isn’t good. The fact that the quote came about right after Rick had killed someone because of Renault setting him up, makes it even more mischievous, and there was also the point I made before because of they were walking into a dark mist made this scene one of the strongest exit lines and scenes I’ve ever seen. Another very strong example from the film was when Rick says to Lisa â€Å"Here’s to looking at you kid. This line showed the two sides of rick in the movie, the first time when he said it was in Paris this is while Rick was happy, and had a gleam to him that was totally different then throughout the movie where he always seems to be negative and down on life. Another reason that the quote in Paris was very strong was because when this quote happened the lighting in the shot was very bright as compared to the bulk of the movie while he was angry where the lighting always seemed to be dark. On the other hand the second time he used this quote was when he was trying to get Lisa to go with her husband, this shows the other side of Rick because the way he said it seemed to be half hearted. Another thing that made the scene more telling was because as compared to the very bright set the first time he said it, it was dark and his facial expressions were not as strong as they were when he initially said it.

Beach Erosion essays

Beach Erosion essays For many decades the approach to rapid coastal erosion was to build up sea defenses, to try and slow down or even stop the erosion. Initially the attempts were thought a success, however after some years it was realized that the power of the sea and waves could overcome human attempts. Only could protection be a success if huge costs were going to be involved. Many methods around the world have taken place in he last 50 years with many failures occurring. It is very rare to find a coastline that shows a decrease in the rate of erosion over many years after defenses are in place. In fact in some places, these defenses seem to have speeded up the erosion process. Coastal erosion is a natural process of erosion, transportation, and deposition, and interfering with this balance could be to blame for the rise in erosion on the coasts of some areas. Seawalls have been built out to sea in many areas of the coastline. Their aim is to trap material and thus slow down the rate of long-shore drift. However, these seawalls in some areas have been blamed for the rise in erosion rates further down the coast. Gravel extraction occurs in many offshore areas around the world. Gravel is removed in large volumes for commercial purposes each year. More than 20 million tons were dredged in 1989 alone (Dredging Operations). Removal of this gravel was thought to be a good method because no extra quarries had to open. The problem facing the shoreline is removing all this sand which leads to the gradual wearing away of shores and cliffs. This adds to coastal erosion. Whenever large amounts of material, such as sand are removed from the seabed, the directions of currents move more material back into the dredged area. This dredged area will be replenished with material, and this material will be taken from elsewhere along the coastline. This whole process is a continual process that causes ero ...

International Finance essays

International Finance essays As early as 1941 plans were being prepared in the UK and the USA for the post-war economy that were heavily influenced by the experience of the 1930s which had witnessed the collapse of the gold standard, the Great Depression, volatile exchange rates, trade-protection and competitive devaluations. In 1944 the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference took place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, where forty-five countries attended in order to restructure international finance and currency relationships and sought to build a framework for economic cooperation that would avoid the disastrous economic policies that led to the previous conditions. The participants of this conference created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development which was later divided into the World Bank and the Bank for International Settlements. The plans for the system of Bretton Woods were developed by two all time important economists, Harry Dexter White, then minister of state of the U. S. treasury and John Maynard Keynes, a British economist. Throughout the years, the IMF has been able to assist countries in need and as such, has been the focus of the international financial system. However, the financial crises of the past few years have exposed weaknesses in the international financial system. These weaknesses relate to the increasing size and importance of large cross border capital flows and the interdependence of global economies as a result of globalisation. It was found that once crisis struck in one country, the reaction of the interconnected financial markets was extreme and highly contagious causing disastrous effects in unrelated markets. Following the collapse of the Thai baht in 1997, the financial markets in other East Asian countries suffered similar and devastating consequences. Furthermore, the continued spill over effects of this crisis hit Russia, reached Latin America...

Family And Local History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family And Local History - Essay Example Local history surviving records, their location and uses Record of protests in the royal burgh of Perth are located in Perth and Kinross archives, these records are stored under the record number B59/11 and date from 1809 to 1849, these records can be used to the understand the issues of the people who lived in Perth and the reasons that forced them to hold the protests. A limitation in these records is that they have only been recorded for a short period of time between 1809 and 1849, which may make them not fully show the trend or the frequency of the protests in the long run. Another record that is available in the Perth and Kinross council archives is the register of acts of town council and indexes to the council minutes, which are recorded in under the identity B59/16-17. The register of acts of town council contains acts that were made between 1601 and 1752 while the indexes to the minutes of the council and the acts are recorded for the years between 1500 and 1797. These reco rd are relevant in explaining the evolution of the council acts and proceedings, in addition they also show the issues that were prioritised in that period depending on the number of acts or the depth of the act relating to that issue. Treasurer accounts of the council which are stored under the identification number B59/18 are recorded for the period between 1670 and 1765,these records shows the treasures charge and discharge with details of expenditure and income of the council including the names of burgesses entered and the names of all council employees (Dobson, 64). These records can be used to determine the trends of expenditure and sources of income for the council of Perth, this information can be used by modern day... This essay stresses that most of the records in the Perth and Kinross council archive collection include documents on how the region was governed which include the legal and administrative documents. Other documents were on how the authority carried out their financial processes and regulated business activities. However, these records contain scanty documents on family issues and the specific demographic characteristics. This paper makes a conclusion that to encourage people from, other regions of the world who may not be conversant with the ancient language used in Scotland, texts such as those that have financial and legal information should have a simpler version created which is easier to understand while still maintaining the original information. In order to increase the number of people that can access historical information on Perth and Kinross, the authorities should have copies of the documents in archives of other major cities in addition to posting them on the internet to build the desire of internet users to tour the country especially in the 2014 homecoming celebrations. Financial information contained in the collection has used the old standards of accounting principles; this makes it hard for the visitors, especially those from outside the United Kingdom to understand some of the information since they may not be conversant with the accounting procedures used.

Group Post Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Post - Research Paper Example s not just about English being the first or the second language of the employees of a company, customers associate stereotypes and underestimate the foreign employees’ ability to understand their culture, and thus only want service from their local employees. Customer build their perceptions of a company’s corporate social responsibility based upon â€Å"all the information about a company that a person holds† (Brown and Dacin, 1997, p. 69). Drop in the number of American students that study Information Technology is a shocking fact and a strong reason for companies to stop outsourcing. This shows how deleterious outsourcing is for our society in the long run. I seriously doubt that outsourcing plays a role in increasing the quality of work. With outsourcing, employers have least control over the products’ quality since everything is being made abroad. Especially, when we talk about quality control, it means much more than just meeting the specifications to include the level of creation and innovation, and uniqueness in every item. It is so hard to keep all employees on one platform in outsourcing that such aspects are often neglected. To say that the talent employers get through outsourcing is not available in the local market is underestimation of American local workers. Had foreign graduates been more capable, thousands of students would be going from America to those countries for studying every year rather than the other way round. Outsourcing is a fundamental reason for unemployment in America (Converse et al., n.d.). It cannot be said with utmost surety that the outsourcing company would always maintain competitive advantage . These days, when economy has become very volatile and the value of currency is rapidly changing in different countries, if the value of currency of the foreign country starts gaining weight, the opportunity of outsourcing might eventually turn out to be a risk. While that is the definition of outsourcing, this definition is not

Uniformly Accelerated Motion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Uniformly Accelerated Motion - Assignment Example The graphical representation for movement along straight line includes plotting distance against time is always regarded as positive. The curve of this graph never reduces take for instance the speedometer and odometer in a vehicle. Since the displacement is termed as the vector quantity, it can be graphed against the period if we confine the motion of a line and then use the positive and the negative signs in specifying the direction. However, it is a conventional practice plotting displacement along straight line against time with the help of a scheme. Such graphical representation along the x-axis may be positive or negative. The graph can either be a plus and get more plus or negative and get more minus. In the two cases, the curve would be a positive slope and the object will be a positive velocity. Additionally, the graph might be positive, have less positive and or a minus, and have more minus. In the two cases, the curve would have a minus slope and the object will be a negat ive velocity. The instantaneous velocity of any given object at any given time will be the displacement slope against the time graph. Therefore, it can either be +ve, -ve, or even zero. The instantaneous acceleration of the object at a given time will be the gradient of the velocity against the time graph at that given time. For the constant motion and velocity along the x-axis, the x graph against t graph is represented as the titled straight line. For the constant motion and its acceleration, the v against the t graph is represented as a straight line (Bueche and Eugene, 134).

Political Issues with the Current Immigration Essay Example for Free

Political Issues with the Current Immigration Essay â€Å"In the wake of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1965. This new law abolished the national origins quota system and barred racial considerations from expressly entering into decisions about immigrant visas; it also imposed for the first time a ceiling (120,000) on migration from the Western Hemisphere.† (Johnson, 2006). Historical Framework for the Issue of Illegal Immigration Towards the end of the 19th century, Congress passed the first immigrant exclusion law restricting criminal and prostitutes, and followed up with the Japanese, Asian and Chinese. Even with this law in place the immigration still reached a record high of 1.3 million personnel in 1907. In 1965, Congress then passed the Immigration and Nationality Act amendments that ended the quota and initiated the concept of family sponsored immigration. In 1987, Congress enacted the Immigration Reform Control Act (IRCA) which authorized two programs to identify and legalize illegal immigrants who are able to document their entry into the U.S. prior to 1 January 1982 (America.gov Archive, 2003). The immigration migration is a phenomenon of crucial importance to the United States as long as the immigration guidelines and procedures are followed, but with the vast number of amendments being reconstructed and enacted by Congress, on almost a daily basis this put additional strain on our border patrol, government agencies, and our military forces who have been tasked to assist in the protection of the U.S./Mexico border alongside the local police officers. On October 1, 2004, Mr. Jim Gilchrist, U.S Vietnam Marine veteran, founded the multi-ethnic Minuteman Project after he had been frustrated dealing with the United States Government to enforce the immigration laws. The Minutemen, who formed the name from militiamen who fought in the American Revolution, has described themselves as â€Å"a citizen’s neighborhood watch on our border†,  and have continued to get the media attention on dealing with the illegal immigration issue plaguing the United States. The Minutemen organization has portrayed more of a negative connotation rather than the positive that they had initially strived for. On May 25, 2005 there was the Garden Grove Incident dealing with protestors. On October 4, 2006 they had the Columbia University incident where their stage was stormed by student protestors. The T-Shirt incident on April 6, 2005 in which minutemen had an old man poses with a racial discrimination T-shirt, and in August 2007 there was a fake murder video published by the organization (Sanchez, 2011). Even with this negativity, on April 28, 2005, California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger praised the Minutemen Project on a Los Angeles radio station KFI. The issues of the constant illegal immigration border crossings, violence and murders on the borders of the immigrants and law enforcements officers, the immigration laws will continue to be pushed through Congress in order to keep our borders safe and ensure the diverse cultures visiting the United States are entering with the appropriate documentation instead of through the desert with a backpack, bottles of water, and for some, with bags of drugs. Is the Media Portrayal of biased or unbiased Illegal Immigration? On October 6, 2010, Janet Napolitano, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, announced that record numbers of deportations of criminal aliens, declaring that these figures have demonstrated that President Obama’s administration is focused on enforcing our immigration laws that prioritizes public safety a nd national security. One of the political issues on July 7, 2011, according to Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (2011), a memorandum was published entitled â€Å"Individuals Who Are Not Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 Billion in Refundable Credits† which is also the entire product of the Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC) for the 2010 tax processing year (Impact on Taxpayers). Illegal immigration laws that are in place are not only bottlenecking the system, becoming costly to taxpayers and increasing the deficit, but the ranchers along the border are either having the illegals trespassing onto their land, destroying their fence line along the property, and on a few occasions ranchers have been killed. Mr. John Ladd, a rancher on the Southern border of Arizona, has a ranch sprawling over 14,000 acres between Mexico border and state highway 92. His ranch is the major corridor  for the smuggling of drugs and human beings into the United States. The border pat rol makes frequent arrests on the ranch, but most of those are released back into Mexico where they regroup and try again until they are successful (Gisorg, 2010). On average, one mile of border fence costs US taxpayers $4 million. Is it worth the expense? The measurements of this fence is 21 feet (6.4m) tall and 6 feet (1.8m) embedded into the ground, and cemented in a 3 foot (.91m) wide trench. With all of this material, manpower, monetary cost and security, on December 16, 2010, a video was shot showing two young American students visiting the border and on their first try, these girls made it to the top of the fence in less than eighteen seconds. How much time do you think it will take if you visit the beach of Tijuana and just swim out to the fence line and cross over? Does the public’s perception encourage or discourage prejudice, labeling or stereotyping? There are media commentaries that intentionally sensationalize the story being reported; it all depends on where their station ratings stand. Even unintentional biased reporting can be portrayed depending on what the listener’s views are on immigration. I cannot justify what their true intentions are, but as a viewer there are times when my perception is that they are not telling the full story, or the story is biased to the side of the populace majority. One of the best media outlets I’ve come across depicting the conflict between bordering countries was by the Coca-Cola Corporation. Two guards who are patrolling their border, walking back and forth along a stretch of about 15 feet with hatred and discontent showing on their faces not uttering a word. What brought these two cultures to a brief truce was a 16oz bottle of Coca-Cola (Gisorg, 2010). Even In the portrayal of the movie ‘Borders’ which depict the immigration issues with Mexico and the United States. Chris Burgards award winning television series takes an impartial look at the agonizing and complex issue of our southern U.S. border. This film fosters debate, open discussion, and hopefully a more balanced outlook towards a national problem that has polarized our nation.† (Rick Dixon, Star Tribune, 2011). During the viewing, you may perceive that all Hispanics are probably in this country illegally, drug runners or coyotes. This actually encourages hatred of most Hispanics because they are perceived the same as terrorist in this land. This show demonstrates how individuals should be fighting again crime and illegal immigration of all  types, and the question you should be asking yourself is if you believe in your government, and what is the true border between justice and crime. Does this issue affect the U.S. economy and labor force? Presently illegal immigrants arriving into country are taking advantage of the job workforce that average Americans deem beneath them. They are willing to take on those jobs that we perceive as demeaning, and underpaid. Due to this immigration issue, the United States, as paid over $4.2 billion dollars towards labor for the illegal immigrants and over $100 billion each year on medical, housing and education. According to the Arizona state treasurer Dean Martin, they are losing between $1.3 and $2.5 billion each year on illegal immigrant on incarceration, education and their families. This does not account for the legal services that are provided through the court system. As a manager, what inclusion strategies would be implemented? When dealing with the issues of illegal immigration and the media coverage as a manager, there are strategies that can be utilized to foster a collaborative working environment for employees. Coordinate with Human Resources to schedule diversity and equal opportunity training, plan a quarterly cultural luncheon/potluck, and during each holiday ensure there are decorations representing every culture in your organization and allow those individuals to explain what each trinket means. When dealing with stereotyping, encourage employees to ask questions concerning that cultural difference they don’t understand or have perceptions about. Most organizations will have a media device placed in the office, and employees will hear of negative connotations dealing with the diverse groups around the United States. If listening to these stories makes you stop and think, then it will also make you wonder about that culture. Not all individuals in are the same, and not all cultures are radical, illegal immigrants or a threat. Conclusion The media is the media is the media. As long as there is conflict it will be reported to the masses. Illegal immigrants and immigration laws are tied to the hip and will always be part of society and culture. Unless the United takes a lesson from the 1981 television show called ‘Escape from New York’,  produced by John Carpenter, place a twenty-five foot solid cement wall that is fifteen feet thick around the state. There will always be illegal immigrants either from Mexico, Cuba, and other countries seeking domicile in the United States. References America.gov Archive. (2003). The Immigration Act of 1965. Retrieved from http://www.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/April/20080423214226eaifas0.9637982.html Canoy, M., Beutin, R., Horath, A., Hubert, A., Lerais, F., Smith, P., Sochacki, M. (2006, September 10). Migration and public perception. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/policy_advisers/publications/docs/bepa_migration_final_09_10_006_en.pdf Gemano, R. P. (2010, December 16). 2 Girls Undermine US Border Strategy in Under 18 Seconds [Video file]. Retrieved from YouTube website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHjKBjM1ngwfeature=related Gisorg. (2010, August 9). Gaming the Border: A Report from Cochise County, Arizona [Video file]. Retrieved from YouTube website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRof_dizXH4 Johnson, K. R. (2006). The History of Racial Exclusion in the US Immigration Laws. Retrieved from http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/immigr09.htm Morgenstern, M. (2011). TheBlaze. Retrieved from http://www.theblaze. com/stories/govt-audit-illegal-immigrants-received-4-2-billion-in-tax-credits-last-year/ Pemberton, J. S. (2011, February 3). Coca-Cola Border [Video file]. Retrieved from YouTube website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-STkFCCrus Sanchez, C. (2011). HATEWATCH. Retrieved from http://www.splcenter.org/blog/2007/08/13/new-video-appears-to-show-vigilante-border-murder/ Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. (2011). Individuals Who Are Not Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 Billion in Refundable Credits. Retrieved from http://Individuals Who Are Not Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 Billion in Refundable Credits